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<li><a href="#eecs-16b-spring-2019-designing-information-devices-and-systems-ii-a.-sahai-j.-roychowdhury-k.-pister-discussion-0a">EECS 16B Spring 2019 Designing Information Devices and Systems II A. Sahai, J. Roychowdhury, K. Pister Discussion 0A</a><ul>
<li><a href="#kvlkcl-review"><strong>1 KVL/KCL Review</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="#transistor-introduction"><strong>2 Transistor Introduction</strong></a><ul>
<li><a href="#resistor-switch-model"><strong>2.1 Resistor Switch Model</strong></a></li>
</ul></li>
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<h1 id="eecs-16b-spring-2019-designing-information-devices-and-systems-ii-a.-sahai-j.-roychowdhury-k.-pister-discussion-0a">EECS 16B Spring 2019 Designing Information Devices and Systems II A. Sahai, J. Roychowdhury, K. Pister Discussion 0A</h1>
<h6 id="page-1">Page 1</h6>
<h2 id="kvlkcl-review"><strong>1 KVL/KCL Review</strong></h2>
<p>Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws are two important laws used for analyzing circuits. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) says that the sum of all currents entering a node must equal 0. For example, in Figure 1, the sum of all currents entering node 1 is <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="16.174ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 6963.7 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper I 1 minus upper I 2 minus upper I 3 equals 0</title>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path>
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<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-30" x="6463" y="0"></use>
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</span>. Assuming that <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.077ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 894.4 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper I 1</title>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-49" d="M43 1Q26 1 26 10Q26 12 29 24Q34 43 39 45Q42 46 54 46H60Q120 46 136 53Q137 53 138 54Q143 56 149 77T198 273Q210 318 216 344Q286 624 286 626Q284 630 284 631Q274 637 213 637H193Q184 643 189 662Q193 677 195 680T209 683H213Q285 681 359 681Q481 681 487 683H497Q504 676 504 672T501 655T494 639Q491 637 471 637Q440 637 407 634Q393 631 388 623Q381 609 337 432Q326 385 315 341Q245 65 245 59Q245 52 255 50T307 46H339Q345 38 345 37T342 19Q338 6 332 0H316Q279 2 179 2Q143 2 113 2T65 2T43 1Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path>
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<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="622" y="-213"></use>
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</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.077ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 894.4 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper I 3</title>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path>
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<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-49" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-33" x="622" y="-213"></use>
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</span> are known, we can easily obtain a solvable equation for <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.528ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1088.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript x</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-78" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path>
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<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-78" x="825" y="-213"></use>
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</span> by applying Ohm’s law: <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="17.658ex" height="4.176ex" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex;" viewBox="0 -1150.1 7602.8 1798" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper I 1 minus StartFraction upper V Subscript x Baseline Over upper R 1 EndFraction minus upper I 3 equals 0 period</title>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-78" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path>
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<p>Figure 1: KCL Circuit</p>
<p>Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltages in a circuit loop must equa10. To apply KVL to the circuit shown in Figure 2, we can add up voltages in the loop in the counterclockwise direction, which yields <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20.704ex" height="2.843ex" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 8914.4 1223.9" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>minus upper V 1 plus upper V Subscript x Baseline plus upper V Subscript y Baseline equals 0</title>
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</span>. Using the relationships <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10.926ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 4704.2 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript x Baseline equals i dot upper R 1</title>
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</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.531ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1950.7 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>equals upper I 1</title>
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</span> , we can solve for all unknowns in this circuit. You can use these two laws to solve any circuit that is planar and linear.</p>
<p>Figure 2: KVL Circuit</p>
<p>If you would like to review these concepts more in‐depth, you can check out the EE16A spring 2018 course notes.</p>
<h2 id="transistor-introduction"><strong>2 Transistor Introduction</strong></h2>
<p>Transistors (as presented in this course) are 3 terminal, voltage controlled switches. This means that, when a transistor is “on,” it connects the Source (S) and Drain (D) terminals via a low resistance path (short circuit).</p>
<h6 id="page-2">Page 2</h6>
<p>When a transistor is “off,” the Source and Drain terminals are disconnected (open circuit).</p>
<p>Two common types of transistors are NMOS and PMOS transistors. Their states (shorted or open) are determined by the voltage difference across the Gate (G) and Source (S) terminals, compared to a "threshold voltage Transistors are extremely useful in digital logic design since we can implement Boolean logic operators using switches.</p>
<p>Recall that in this class, <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.141ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1352.4 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript tn</title>
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</span> denotes how much higher the gate needs to be relative to the source for the NMOS to be on, and that <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.435ex" height="3.009ex" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex;" viewBox="0 -863.1 1909.4 1295.7" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>StartAbsoluteValue upper V Subscript tp Baseline EndAbsoluteValue</title>
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</span> denotes how much lower the gate needs to be relative to the source for the PMOS to be on.</p>
<p><span class="math display"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="17.28ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 7440 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper G right-arrow minus upper V Subscript GS Baseline greater than or equal to upper V Subscript tn</title>
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<p>Figure 3: NMOS Transistor</p>
<p>Figure 4: PMOS Transistor</p>
<p>Transistors can be connected together to perform boolean algebra. For example, the following circuit is called an “inverter” and represents a NOT gate.</p>
<p>Figure 5: CMOS Inverter</p>
<p>When the input is high <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="30.053ex" height="3.009ex" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex;" viewBox="0 -863.1 12939.6 1295.7" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>left-parenthesis upper V Subscript in Baseline greater than or equal to upper V Subscript tn Baseline comma upper V Subscript in Baseline greater than or equal to upper V Subscript DD Baseline minus StartAbsoluteValue upper V Subscript tp Baseline EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis</title>
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</span> , then the NMOS transistor is on, the PMOS transistor is off, and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="8.224ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 3540.9 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript out Baseline equals 0</title>
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</span>. When the input is low <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="30.053ex" height="3.009ex" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex;" viewBox="0 -863.1 12939.6 1295.7" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>left-parenthesis upper V Subscript in Baseline less than or equal to upper V Subscript tn Baseline comma upper V Subscript in Baseline less than or equal to upper V Subscript DD Baseline minus StartAbsoluteValue upper V Subscript tp Baseline EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis</title>
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</span> , the NMOS transistor is off, the PMOS transistor is on, and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="11.16ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 4805.1 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript out Baseline equals upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
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</svg>
</span>. When working with digital circuits like the one above, we usually only consider the values of <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="7.867ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 3387 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript in Baseline equals 0 comma</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
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<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-3D" x="1551" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-30" x="2607" y="0"></use>
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</svg>
</span> <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.099ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1764.7 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
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</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44"></use>
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</span>. This yields the following truth table:</p>
<h6 id="page-3">Page 3</h6>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;"><span class="math display"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.959ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1273.9 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript in</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-69"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6E" x="278" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span></th>
<th style="text-align: left;"><span class="math display"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.963ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1706.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript out</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z"></path>
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<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6F"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-75" x="500" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74" x="1057" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span></th>
<th style="text-align: left;">NMOS</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">PMOS</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><span class="math display"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.099ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1764.7 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
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</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44" x="764" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">0</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">on</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">off</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">0</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><span class="math display"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.099ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1764.7 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-44" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H228Q399 682 419 682T461 676Q504 667 546 641T626 573T685 470T708 336Q708 210 634 116T442 3Q429 1 228 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM593 338Q593 439 571 501T493 602Q439 637 355 637H322H294Q238 637 234 628Q231 624 231 344Q231 62 232 59Q233 49 248 48T339 46H350Q456 46 515 95Q561 133 577 191T593 338Z"></path>
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<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
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<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44" x="764" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">off</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">on</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>If you think of <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.099ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1764.7 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-44" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H228Q399 682 419 682T461 676Q504 667 546 641T626 573T685 470T708 336Q708 210 634 116T442 3Q429 1 228 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM593 338Q593 439 571 501T493 602Q439 637 355 637H322H294Q238 637 234 628Q231 624 231 344Q231 62 232 59Q233 49 248 48T339 46H350Q456 46 515 95Q561 133 577 191T593 338Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44" x="764" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span> being a logical 1 and OV being a logical 0, we have just created the most elementary logical operation using transistors!</p>
<h3 id="resistor-switch-model"><strong>2.1 Resistor Switch Model</strong></h3>
<p>In the real world, transistors don’t actually behave as perfect switches. Transistors have a small amount of resistance in the on state. This can be represented by a resistor in our transistor switch model.</p>
<p>Figure 6: NMOS Transistor Resistor‐switch model</p>
<p>Figure 7: PMOS Transistor Resistor‐switch model</p>
<h6 id="page-4">Page 4</h6>
<p>1. KVL/KCL Review</p>
<p>Use Kirchhoff’s Laws on the circuit below to find <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.528ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1088.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript x</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-78" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-78" x="825" y="-213"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span> in terms of <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="15.162ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 6528.2 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript in Baseline comma upper R 1 comma upper R 2 comma upper R 3 period</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 437 142 438T171 441T182 442H185V62Q190 52 197 50T232 46H255V0H247Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-52" d="M230 637Q203 637 198 638T193 649Q193 676 204 682Q206 683 378 683Q550 682 564 680Q620 672 658 652T712 606T733 563T739 529Q739 484 710 445T643 385T576 351T538 338L545 333Q612 295 612 223Q612 212 607 162T602 80V71Q602 53 603 43T614 25T640 16Q668 16 686 38T712 85Q717 99 720 102T735 105Q755 105 755 93Q755 75 731 36Q693 -21 641 -21H632Q571 -21 531 4T487 82Q487 109 502 166T517 239Q517 290 474 313Q459 320 449 321T378 323H309L277 193Q244 61 244 59Q244 55 245 54T252 50T269 48T302 46H333Q339 38 339 37T336 19Q332 6 326 0H311Q275 2 180 2Q146 2 117 2T71 2T50 1Q33 1 33 10Q33 12 36 24Q41 43 46 45Q50 46 61 46H67Q94 46 127 49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628Q287 635 230 637ZM630 554Q630 586 609 608T523 636Q521 636 500 636T462 637H440Q393 637 386 627Q385 624 352 494T319 361Q319 360 388 360Q466 361 492 367Q556 377 592 426Q608 449 619 486T630 554Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-69"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6E" x="278" y="0"></use>
</g>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2C" x="1273" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(1719,0)">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-52" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-31" x="1074" y="-213"></use>
</g>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2C" x="2932" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(3377,0)">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-52" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-32" x="1074" y="-213"></use>
</g>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2C" x="4591" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(5036,0)">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-52" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-33" x="1074" y="-213"></use>
</g>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2E" x="6249" y="0"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span></p>
<p>Figure 8: Example Circuit</p>
<p>(a) What is <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.528ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1088.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript x</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-78" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-78" x="825" y="-213"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span>?</p>
<p>(b) As <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="8.756ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 3770 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper R 3 right-arrow normal infinity</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-52" d="M230 637Q203 637 198 638T193 649Q193 676 204 682Q206 683 378 683Q550 682 564 680Q620 672 658 652T712 606T733 563T739 529Q739 484 710 445T643 385T576 351T538 338L545 333Q612 295 612 223Q612 212 607 162T602 80V71Q602 53 603 43T614 25T640 16Q668 16 686 38T712 85Q717 99 720 102T735 105Q755 105 755 93Q755 75 731 36Q693 -21 641 -21H632Q571 -21 531 4T487 82Q487 109 502 166T517 239Q517 290 474 313Q459 320 449 321T378 323H309L277 193Q244 61 244 59Q244 55 245 54T252 50T269 48T302 46H333Q339 38 339 37T336 19Q332 6 326 0H311Q275 2 180 2Q146 2 117 2T71 2T50 1Q33 1 33 10Q33 12 36 24Q41 43 46 45Q50 46 61 46H67Q94 46 127 49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628Q287 635 230 637ZM630 554Q630 586 609 608T523 636Q521 636 500 636T462 637H440Q393 637 386 627Q385 624 352 494T319 361Q319 360 388 360Q466 361 492 367Q556 377 592 426Q608 449 619 486T630 554Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-33" d="M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2192" d="M56 237T56 250T70 270H835Q719 357 692 493Q692 494 692 496T691 499Q691 511 708 511H711Q720 511 723 510T729 506T732 497T735 481T743 456Q765 389 816 336T935 261Q944 258 944 250Q944 244 939 241T915 231T877 212Q836 186 806 152T761 85T740 35T732 4Q730 -6 727 -8T711 -11Q691 -11 691 0Q691 7 696 25Q728 151 835 230H70Q56 237 56 250Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-221E" d="M55 217Q55 305 111 373T254 442Q342 442 419 381Q457 350 493 303L507 284L514 294Q618 442 747 442Q833 442 888 374T944 214Q944 128 889 59T743 -11Q657 -11 580 50Q542 81 506 128L492 147L485 137Q381 -11 252 -11Q166 -11 111 57T55 217ZM907 217Q907 285 869 341T761 397Q740 397 720 392T682 378T648 359T619 335T594 310T574 285T559 263T548 246L543 238L574 198Q605 158 622 138T664 94T714 61T765 51Q827 51 867 100T907 217ZM92 214Q92 145 131 89T239 33Q357 33 456 193L425 233Q364 312 334 337Q285 380 233 380Q171 380 132 331T92 214Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-52" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-33" x="1074" y="-213"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2192" x="1491" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-221E" x="2769" y="0"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span>, what is <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="2.528ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1088.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript x</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-78" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-78" x="825" y="-213"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span>? What is the name we used for this type of circuit?</p>
<p>2. Transistor Introduction</p>
<p>Assume <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.141ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1352.4 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript tn</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6E" x="389" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.141ex" height="2.843ex" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1352.4 1223.9" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript tp</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-70" x="389" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span> are the threshold voltages for the NMOS and PMOS transistors, respectively. Also assume <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="4.099ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1764.7 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-44" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H228Q399 682 419 682T461 676Q504 667 546 641T626 573T685 470T708 336Q708 210 634 116T442 3Q429 1 228 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM593 338Q593 439 571 501T493 602Q439 637 355 637H322H294Q238 637 234 628Q231 624 231 344Q231 62 232 59Q233 49 248 48T339 46H350Q456 46 515 95Q561 133 577 191T593 338Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44" x="764" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span> is always a positive number.</p>
<p>(a) In the two above NMOS transistors, label which node is the source and which is the drain.</p>
<p>(b) In the two above PMOS transistors, label which node is the source and which is the drain.</p>
<p>3. NAND Circuit</p>
<p>Let us consider a NAND logic gate. This circuit implements the boolean function <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="7.757ex" height="3.676ex" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex;" viewBox="0 -1221.9 3339.9 1582.7" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>ModifyingAbove left-parenthesis upper A dot upper B right-parenthesis With bar period</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-41" d="M208 74Q208 50 254 46Q272 46 272 35Q272 34 270 22Q267 8 264 4T251 0Q249 0 239 0T205 1T141 2Q70 2 50 0H42Q35 7 35 11Q37 38 48 46H62Q132 49 164 96Q170 102 345 401T523 704Q530 716 547 716H555H572Q578 707 578 706L606 383Q634 60 636 57Q641 46 701 46Q726 46 726 36Q726 34 723 22Q720 7 718 4T704 0Q701 0 690 0T651 1T578 2Q484 2 455 0H443Q437 6 437 9T439 27Q443 40 445 43L449 46H469Q523 49 533 63L521 213H283L249 155Q208 86 208 74ZM516 260Q516 271 504 416T490 562L463 519Q447 492 400 412L310 260L413 259Q516 259 516 260Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-22C5" d="M78 250Q78 274 95 292T138 310Q162 310 180 294T199 251Q199 226 182 208T139 190T96 207T78 250Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-42" d="M231 637Q204 637 199 638T194 649Q194 676 205 682Q206 683 335 683Q594 683 608 681Q671 671 713 636T756 544Q756 480 698 429T565 360L555 357Q619 348 660 311T702 219Q702 146 630 78T453 1Q446 0 242 0Q42 0 39 2Q35 5 35 10Q35 17 37 24Q42 43 47 45Q51 46 62 46H68Q95 46 128 49Q142 52 147 61Q150 65 219 339T288 628Q288 635 231 637ZM649 544Q649 574 634 600T585 634Q578 636 493 637Q473 637 451 637T416 636H403Q388 635 384 626Q382 622 352 506Q352 503 351 500L320 374H401Q482 374 494 376Q554 386 601 434T649 544ZM595 229Q595 273 572 302T512 336Q506 337 429 337Q311 337 310 336Q310 334 293 263T258 122L240 52Q240 48 252 48T333 46Q422 46 429 47Q491 54 543 105T595 229Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-AF" d="M69 544V590H430V544H69Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-2E" d="M78 60Q78 84 95 102T138 120Q162 120 180 104T199 61Q199 36 182 18T139 0T96 17T78 60Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<g transform="translate(24,0)">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-28" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-41" x="389" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-22C5" x="1362" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-42" x="1862" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-29" x="2622" y="0"></use>
</g>
<g transform="translate(0,567)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-AF" x="-70" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(-226.30848998536584,0) scale(9.79925950816518,1)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-AF"></use>
</g>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-AF" x="3829" y="0"></use>
</g>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-2E" x="3061" y="0"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span></p>
<h6 id="page-5">Page 5</h6>
<p>Figure 9: NAND</p>
<p><span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.141ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1352.4 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript tn</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6E" x="389" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.141ex" height="2.843ex" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1352.4 1223.9" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript tp</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-70" d="M36 -148H50Q89 -148 97 -134V-126Q97 -119 97 -107T97 -77T98 -38T98 6T98 55T98 106Q98 140 98 177T98 243T98 296T97 335T97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 61 434T98 436Q115 437 135 438T165 441T176 442H179V416L180 390L188 397Q247 441 326 441Q407 441 464 377T522 216Q522 115 457 52T310 -11Q242 -11 190 33L182 40V-45V-101Q182 -128 184 -134T195 -145Q216 -148 244 -148H260V-194H252L228 -193Q205 -192 178 -192T140 -191Q37 -191 28 -194H20V-148H36ZM424 218Q424 292 390 347T305 402Q234 402 182 337V98Q222 26 294 26Q345 26 384 80T424 218Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-70" x="389" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span> are the threshold voltages for the NMOS and PMOS transistors, respectively. Assume that <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10.338ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 4451.1 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript DD Baseline greater-than upper V Subscript tn</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-44" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H228Q399 682 419 682T461 676Q504 667 546 641T626 573T685 470T708 336Q708 210 634 116T442 3Q429 1 228 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM593 338Q593 439 571 501T493 602Q439 637 355 637H322H294Q238 637 234 628Q231 624 231 344Q231 62 232 59Q233 49 248 48T339 46H350Q456 46 515 95Q561 133 577 191T593 338Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-3E" d="M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6E" d="M41 46H55Q94 46 102 60V68Q102 77 102 91T102 122T103 161T103 203Q103 234 103 269T102 328V351Q99 370 88 376T43 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L37 432Q47 433 65 434T102 436Q119 437 138 438T167 441T178 442H181V402Q181 364 182 364T187 369T199 384T218 402T247 421T285 437Q305 442 336 442Q450 438 463 329Q464 322 464 190V104Q464 66 466 59T477 49Q498 46 526 46H542V0H534L510 1Q487 2 460 2T422 3Q319 3 310 0H302V46H318Q379 46 379 62Q380 64 380 200Q379 335 378 343Q372 371 358 385T334 402T308 404Q263 404 229 370Q202 343 195 315T187 232V168V108Q187 78 188 68T191 55T200 49Q221 46 249 46H265V0H257L234 1Q210 2 183 2T145 3Q42 3 33 0H25V46H41Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44" x="764" y="0"></use>
</g>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-3E" x="2042" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(3098,0)">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6E" x="389" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="9.343ex" height="3.009ex" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex;" viewBox="0 -863.1 4022.5 1295.7" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>StartAbsoluteValue upper V Subscript tp Baseline EndAbsoluteValue greater-than 0 period</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
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</span></p>
<p>(a) Label the gate, source, and drain nodes for the NMOS and PMOS transistors above.</p>
<p>(b) If <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10.017ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 4312.9 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper A Baseline equals upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
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</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10.032ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 4319.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper B Baseline equals upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
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</span>, which transistors act like open circuits? Which transistors act like closed circuits? What is <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.963ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1706.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript out</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
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</span>?</p>
<p>(c) If <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10.017ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 4312.9 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper A Baseline equals upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
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</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="8.883ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 3824.6 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper B Baseline equals 0 upper V</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-42" d="M231 637Q204 637 199 638T194 649Q194 676 205 682Q206 683 335 683Q594 683 608 681Q671 671 713 636T756 544Q756 480 698 429T565 360L555 357Q619 348 660 311T702 219Q702 146 630 78T453 1Q446 0 242 0Q42 0 39 2Q35 5 35 10Q35 17 37 24Q42 43 47 45Q51 46 62 46H68Q95 46 128 49Q142 52 147 61Q150 65 219 339T288 628Q288 635 231 637ZM649 544Q649 574 634 600T585 634Q578 636 493 637Q473 637 451 637T416 636H403Q388 635 384 626Q382 622 352 506Q352 503 351 500L320 374H401Q482 374 494 376Q554 386 601 434T649 544ZM595 229Q595 273 572 302T512 336Q506 337 429 337Q311 337 310 336Q310 334 293 263T258 122L240 52Q240 48 252 48T333 46Q422 46 429 47Q491 54 543 105T595 229Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path>
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<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
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<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="3055" y="0"></use>
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</span>, what is <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.963ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1706.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript out</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z"></path>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z"></path>
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<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6F"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-75" x="500" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74" x="1057" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span>?</p>
<p>(d) If <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="8.868ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 3818.2 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper A Baseline equals 0 upper V</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-41" d="M208 74Q208 50 254 46Q272 46 272 35Q272 34 270 22Q267 8 264 4T251 0Q249 0 239 0T205 1T141 2Q70 2 50 0H42Q35 7 35 11Q37 38 48 46H62Q132 49 164 96Q170 102 345 401T523 704Q530 716 547 716H555H572Q578 707 578 706L606 383Q634 60 636 57Q641 46 701 46Q726 46 726 36Q726 34 723 22Q720 7 718 4T704 0Q701 0 690 0T651 1T578 2Q484 2 455 0H443Q437 6 437 9T439 27Q443 40 445 43L449 46H469Q523 49 533 63L521 213H283L249 155Q208 86 208 74ZM516 260Q516 271 504 416T490 562L463 519Q447 492 400 412L310 260L413 259Q516 259 516 260Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path>
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<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-41" x="825" y="-230"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-3D" x="1491" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-30" x="2548" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="3048" y="0"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10.032ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 4319.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper B Baseline equals upper V Subscript DD</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-42" d="M231 637Q204 637 199 638T194 649Q194 676 205 682Q206 683 335 683Q594 683 608 681Q671 671 713 636T756 544Q756 480 698 429T565 360L555 357Q619 348 660 311T702 219Q702 146 630 78T453 1Q446 0 242 0Q42 0 39 2Q35 5 35 10Q35 17 37 24Q42 43 47 45Q51 46 62 46H68Q95 46 128 49Q142 52 147 61Q150 65 219 339T288 628Q288 635 231 637ZM649 544Q649 574 634 600T585 634Q578 636 493 637Q473 637 451 637T416 636H403Q388 635 384 626Q382 622 352 506Q352 503 351 500L320 374H401Q482 374 494 376Q554 386 601 434T649 544ZM595 229Q595 273 572 302T512 336Q506 337 429 337Q311 337 310 336Q310 334 293 263T258 122L240 52Q240 48 252 48T333 46Q422 46 429 47Q491 54 543 105T595 229Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-44" d="M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H228Q399 682 419 682T461 676Q504 667 546 641T626 573T685 470T708 336Q708 210 634 116T442 3Q429 1 228 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM593 338Q593 439 571 501T493 602Q439 637 355 637H322H294Q238 637 234 628Q231 624 231 344Q231 62 232 59Q233 49 248 48T339 46H350Q456 46 515 95Q561 133 577 191T593 338Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-42" x="825" y="-213"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-3D" x="1498" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(2554,0)">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
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<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-44" x="764" y="0"></use>
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</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span>, what is <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.963ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1706.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript out</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-75" d="M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z"></path>
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</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6F"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-75" x="500" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74" x="1057" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span>?</p>
<p>(e) If <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="8.868ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 3818.2 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper A Baseline equals 0 upper V</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-41" d="M208 74Q208 50 254 46Q272 46 272 35Q272 34 270 22Q267 8 264 4T251 0Q249 0 239 0T205 1T141 2Q70 2 50 0H42Q35 7 35 11Q37 38 48 46H62Q132 49 164 96Q170 102 345 401T523 704Q530 716 547 716H555H572Q578 707 578 706L606 383Q634 60 636 57Q641 46 701 46Q726 46 726 36Q726 34 723 22Q720 7 718 4T704 0Q701 0 690 0T651 1T578 2Q484 2 455 0H443Q437 6 437 9T439 27Q443 40 445 43L449 46H469Q523 49 533 63L521 213H283L249 155Q208 86 208 74ZM516 260Q516 271 504 416T490 562L463 519Q447 492 400 412L310 260L413 259Q516 259 516 260Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path>
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<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-41" x="825" y="-230"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-3D" x="1491" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-30" x="2548" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="3048" y="0"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span> and <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="8.883ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 3824.6 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript upper B Baseline equals 0 upper V</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-42" d="M231 637Q204 637 199 638T194 649Q194 676 205 682Q206 683 335 683Q594 683 608 681Q671 671 713 636T756 544Q756 480 698 429T565 360L555 357Q619 348 660 311T702 219Q702 146 630 78T453 1Q446 0 242 0Q42 0 39 2Q35 5 35 10Q35 17 37 24Q42 43 47 45Q51 46 62 46H68Q95 46 128 49Q142 52 147 61Q150 65 219 339T288 628Q288 635 231 637ZM649 544Q649 574 634 600T585 634Q578 636 493 637Q473 637 451 637T416 636H403Q388 635 384 626Q382 622 352 506Q352 503 351 500L320 374H401Q482 374 494 376Q554 386 601 434T649 544ZM595 229Q595 273 572 302T512 336Q506 337 429 337Q311 337 310 336Q310 334 293 263T258 122L240 52Q240 48 252 48T333 46Q422 46 429 47Q491 54 543 105T595 229Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-42" x="825" y="-213"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-3D" x="1498" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-30" x="2554" y="0"></use>
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="3055" y="0"></use>
</g>
</svg>
</span>, what is <span class="math inline"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="3.963ex" height="2.509ex" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex;" viewBox="0 -791.3 1706.3 1080.4" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="MathJax-SVG-1-Title">
<title>upper V Subscript out</title>
<defs aria-hidden="true">
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMATHI-56" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path>
<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-6F" d="M28 214Q28 309 93 378T250 448Q340 448 405 380T471 215Q471 120 407 55T250 -10Q153 -10 91 57T28 214ZM250 30Q372 30 372 193V225V250Q372 272 371 288T364 326T348 362T317 390T268 410Q263 411 252 411Q222 411 195 399Q152 377 139 338T126 246V226Q126 130 145 91Q177 30 250 30Z"></path>
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<path stroke-width="1" id="E1-MJMAIN-74" d="M27 422Q80 426 109 478T141 600V615H181V431H316V385H181V241Q182 116 182 100T189 68Q203 29 238 29Q282 29 292 100Q293 108 293 146V181H333V146V134Q333 57 291 17Q264 -10 221 -10Q187 -10 162 2T124 33T105 68T98 100Q97 107 97 248V385H18V422H27Z"></path>
</defs>
<g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#E1-MJMATHI-56" x="0" y="0"></use>
<g transform="translate(583,-150)">
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-6F"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-75" x="500" y="0"></use>
<use transform="scale(0.707)" xlink:href="#E1-MJMAIN-74" x="1057" y="0"></use>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span>?</p>
<p>(f) Write out the truth table for this circuit.</p>
<p><strong>Contributors:</strong></p>
<p>. Saavan Patel.</p>
<p>. Deborah Soung.</p>
<p>. Jaymo Kang.</p>
<p>. Lev Tauz.</p>
<p>. Varun Mishra.</p>
<p>. Regina Eckert.</p>
</body>
</html>